Importance of the aortic reservoir in determining the shape of the arterial pressure waveform – The forgotten lessons of Frank

Summary 

It has been recognised for nearly 200 years that the human pressure waveform changes in shape with ageing and disease. The shape of the pressure waveform has been explained in terms of two fundamental models: the Windkessel (reservoir) and wave theory. In its simplest form the Windkessel model satisfactorily explains the pressure waveform in diastole but cannot model pressure changes in systole. Wave theory satisfactorily models the pressure waveform but predicts the existence of ‘self-cancelling’ forward and backward waves in diastole which are difficult to explain in biological terms. We propose that a hybrid reservoir–wave model better describes the pressure waveform and may enable assessment of aortic function from pressure measurements made at any large systemic artery.

Keywords: Aortic pressure, Wave reflection, Windkessel, Aortic cushioning, Augmentation index